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Dental health for older adults: maintaining oral hygiene to prevent chronic diseases

Posted on by Khloe Harris

When it comes to health, the role of teeth and gums is often overlooked, yet it remains essential at every stage of life, including the later years.

Teeth are more than just for appearance—they are vital to overall well-being. For older adults, maintaining good dental care is especially important, as poor oral health has been linked to various chronic conditions.

Dr. Shashwat Patel of Hamilton Dental in Hamilton, Ontario, explains that bacteria often enter through the mouth. In seniors with gum disease, these bacteria can spread through the bloodstream, potentially leading to complications in other areas of the body.

Key Takeaways

Maintaining proper dental care is crucial for older adults because it can prevent chronic diseases and cognitive decline.

  • Poor oral health can cause systemic inflammation, increasing the risk of diabetes and other chronic conditions.
  • Gum disease is linked to respiratory infections and cognitive decline, including Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Regular dental checkups and proper oral hygiene practices are essential for seniors to maintain overall health.

Connection between dental and physical health

Like the rest of the body, the mouth harbors many germs, most of which are harmless. However, as the primary gateway to the digestive and respiratory systems, it can also serve as a pathway for harmful bacteria.

The digestive system breaks down food through a network of connected organs, while the respiratory system supports breathing. When harmful germs accumulate in the mouth, they can affect these systems and contribute to health problems.

Your mouth is the primary way bacteria enters your body. Bacteria can travel from areas like infected gums through the bloodstream to other parts of your body

Shashwat Patel

Under normal conditions, the body’s defenses and proper oral hygiene keep germs in check. Daily brushing and flossing help prevent bacteria from multiplying to levels that could lead to infections like tooth decay and gum disease.

That said, certain medications—including decongestants, antihistamines, pain relievers, diuretics, and antidepressants—can reduce saliva production. Since saliva helps wash away food particles and neutralize acids produced by bacteria, a decrease in saliva can create an environment where harmful germs flourish.

Bacteria in the mouth, along with inflammation, are linked to severe gum disease, known as periodontitis. Research suggests these factors may also contribute to other health conditions.

Additionally, diseases like diabetes and HIV/AIDS can weaken the body’s ability to fight infections, making oral health problems more severe.

The link between periodontal disease and diabetes

In August 2024, The American Journal of Medicine reported a strong correlation between periodontal disease and a higher likelihood of developing diabetes.

According to Dr. Frank A. Scannapieco, a researcher and professor of oral biology at the University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, chronic inflammation is thought to be a contributing factor.

“Long-term periodontitis can lead to systemic inflammation, which may contribute to diabetes. Over time, inflammation throughout the body can also play a role in insulin resistance,” he explained.

Insulin resistance is a key precursor to type 2 diabetes.

According to the study, advanced gum disease can elevate blood sugar levels, further increasing the risk of diabetes.

Oral health and other chronic diseases

Because the mouth is directly linked to the lungs, it can serve as a pathway for respiratory infections like pneumonia. Harmful bacteria may travel down the trachea, increasing the likelihood of lung infections, especially in patients who require intubation.

Oral health is also closely tied to brain function. Research suggests that poor oral hygiene may raise the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia-related conditions.

Chronic inflammation from gum disease can trigger neural inflammation, contributing to cognitive decline. Additionally, bacteria from the mouth can cross the blood-brain barrier, potentially increasing the likelihood of Alzheimer’s and dementia.

Maintaining proper oral hygiene is a straightforward yet crucial way to lower these health risks.

Tips for maintaining oral hygiene for seniors

With aging, oral health requires extra attention to prevent common issues such as gum disease, tooth decay, and dry mouth. Changes in saliva production, medication side effects, and underlying health conditions can all impact dental well-being.

Keeping the mouth clean and healthy plays a key role in overall health, making it essential to follow effective oral care practices such as the following.

1. Brush teeth at least twice daily for at least two minutes, once in the morning and once before bedtime.

2. Floss daily to remove plaque and prevent gum disease.

3. Schedule regular dental check-ups every six months for professional cleaning and early cavity detection.

4. Eat a balanced diet and limit sugary foods and drinks to protect oral health.

5. Consider dental implants or dentures to prevent further tooth loss and support proper nutrition.

6. Replace toothbrushes every three to four months, or sooner if the bristles become worn or frayed.

Conclusion

Proper dental care plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life for seniors by reducing the risk of chronic illnesses and cognitive decline.

We’ve seen some interesting clues that oral bacteria could influence the course of a disease like Alzheimer’s

Dr. Frank Scannapieco

The benefits of proper oral care extend beyond a healthy smile—they are directly tied to overall well-being. Research highlights the undeniable connection between oral hygiene and physical health, reinforcing the importance of consistent dental care.

Regular dental check-ups and a dedicated oral care routine help prevent a range of health complications. Since these preventive measures are simple to follow, they can be easily incorporated into daily routines, promoting long-term wellness.

For seniors, prioritizing good oral hygiene is key to a healthier, more fulfilling life.

Kitchen safety for seniors: practical tips to reduce risks and enhance comfort

Posted on by Andrew Mitchell

The kitchen is the heart of the home, where meals are prepared and time is shared. However, it is also one of the most hazardous areas in the house. Sharp knives, hot surfaces, and boiling water create risks. Even with caution, accidents can happen in seconds.

For older individuals, these dangers become even more serious, especially for those with mobility challenges or cognitive decline.

Recognizing potential hazards and taking proactive measures can help create a safer cooking environment for everyone, particularly those in their later years.

Key Takeaways

The article outlines essential kitchen safety measures for older Americans to minimize risks and boost comfort, focusing on hazards like house fires, falls, and foodborne illnesses.

  • Older Americans face a higher risk of kitchen accidents due to mobility challenges and declining cognitive abilities.
  • Regular maintenance, the use of adaptive tools, proper storage, and safe lighting are key strategies to reduce kitchen hazards.
  • Innovative adaptive tools such as right-angled knives, one-touch can openers, and gripping cutting boards can make cooking safer and more accessible for older adults.

Understanding the risks

Statistics highlight key kitchen safety risks for older adults. The National Fire Protection Association reports that nearly three in ten home fires start in the kitchen, making it the most dangerous room in the house.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) warns that individuals over 65 are 2.7 times more likely to die in a kitchen fire than the general population.

Foodborne illness is another issue, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) citing 76 million cases annually, including 5,000 fatalities. Weakened immune systems, common among older adults, increase the risk of severe complications from food poisoning.

Kitchens present a significant fall risk due to slippery floors, hard-to-reach items, and the added challenge of carrying meals safely.

Essential kitchen safety tips for seniors

From minimizing hazards to incorporating safety measures, creating a secure kitchen environment for older individuals can help prevent accidents and promote confidence in daily meal preparation.

Here are key strategies to minimize kitchen risks and promote a safer cooking environment for older adults.

Regular maintenance and inspection

Routinely looking for cracks, loose parts, or rust on kitchen appliances and tools can help identify signs of wear early.

Keeping items in good condition reduces the risk of accidents and potential health concerns.

Use of adaptive tools and appliances

Adaptive tools and appliances are designed to make cooking safer and easier for seniors. Products like non-slip mats, ergonomic utensils, and easy-to-use appliances can help reduce the risk of falls and other accidents.

These tools can also make cooking more enjoyable and less physically demanding.

Proper storage and organization

Maintaining an organized and clutter-free kitchen is key to creating a safe cooking environment.

Storing items within easy reach helps reduce the risk of overreaching or straining, which can lead to accidents. Labelling containers and arranging items based on their use times can also minimize unnecessary movement.

Safe lighting and ergonomics

A well-lit kitchen is essential for preventing accidents, particularly in areas where food is prepared and cooking takes place. Adjustable lighting allows for better visibility during different times of the day, reducing potential hazards.

In addition, an ergonomic layout can make cooking more accessible and comfortable, minimizing strain and injury risks.

Being informed and up-to-date

Keeping up with product recalls and safety advisories plays a vital role in maintaining a safe kitchen and protecting the well-being of seniors. By relying on trusted sources, potential hazards can be identified before they become a concern.

In addition, regularly reviewing safety updates allows for timely adjustments that help prevent accidents.

Taking a proactive approach not only minimizes health risks but also fosters confidence in the kitchen, ensuring that seniors can continue to enjoy cooking with greater ease and peace of mind.

Adaptive tools to make cooking safer

Many family caregivers and older individuals may be unaware of the rapid advancements in assistive and adaptive equipment.

Today, a variety of innovative tools and devices are designed to make daily tasks easier, helping seniors maintain independence and safety in the kitchen. Some of the most useful options include the following.

• Right-angled knife: This is specially designed for individuals with disabilities. Its blade extends from the handle at a 90-degree angle, allowing for better cutting control and stability.

• One touch can opener: Offering a hassle-free way to open cans, this device operates with the push of a button, requiring minimal effort from the user.

• Gripping cutting board: Designed for stability and ease of use, this tool helps make meal preparation safer and more efficient. A non-slip surface prevents movement while cutting, while built-in features keep food securely in place.

• Vegetable palm peeler: This compact tool is designed for a secure grip, making peeling easier and more efficient. Its sharp stainless steel blade glides smoothly over vegetables, while the ergonomic shape reduces hand strain for a more comfortable experience.

• Slip resistant adjustable gripping tool: Ideal for older individuals with a weakened grip, limited hand function, or other finger disabilities, this gadget provides a secure hold and assists with opening containers effortlessly.

Conclusion

Ensuring a safe kitchen environment allows older individuals to continue enjoying the cooking experience while maintaining their independence and quality of life.

Thoughtful adjustments, such as proper lighting, adaptive tools, and smart organization, can significantly reduce risks.

By staying vigilant and mindful of potential hazards, the kitchen can remain a space of comfort and enjoyment, promoting both safety and confidence in daily meal preparation.

Pet adoption brings new opportunities for senior citizens in Shenandoah Valley

Posted on by Michael Pollard

Cat’s Cradle of the Shenandoah Valley, a nonprofit focused on rescuing and finding homes for cats, has received a generous $20,000 donation from PetSmart Charities. This funding greatly helps the organization’s goal of reducing the number of homeless cats through adoptions, veterinary care, and community outreach.

The grant will cover important expenses like spay/neuter surgeries, vaccinations, and microchipping. It will also support volunteers who provide temporary foster care and socialization, making sure each cat is ready for adoption into a loving home.

With National Adoption Week coming up, Cat’s Cradle is preparing for a big adoption event at PetSmart stores in Waynesboro and Harrisonburg. The aim is to find forever homes for at least 90 cats and kittens. Events like this help reduce overcrowded shelters and give people the chance to adopt a pet that suits their lifestyle.

Pet adoption can benefit people of all ages, but seniors, in particular, can gain a lot from welcoming a pet into their homes.

Key Takeaways

Adopting a pet, especially for older Americans, offers numerous benefits such as reliable companionship, reduced loneliness, and increased opportunities for physical activity.

  • A $20,000 donation from PetSmart Charities is aiding Cat’s Cradle in rescuing and rehoming cats, helping to reduce the number of homeless felines.
  • Pet adoption can significantly boost seniors’ well-being by easing stress, lowering blood pressure, and providing constant companionship.
  • Cats are especially well-suited for older Americans due to their independent yet affectionate nature, with breeds like the Ragdoll and American Shorthair being ideal choices.

The role of pet companionship in senior well-being

For many older adults, feeling lonely is a big concern. As family members move away and friends become fewer, being isolated can harm both mental and physical health. Studies show that having a pet can really help seniors feel better by reducing stress, lowering blood pressure, and offering companionship.

Pets, like cats and some dog breeds, provide unconditional love and companionship, which is very beneficial for seniors living alone. Spending time with pets can increase serotonin and dopamine levels, which improves mood and eases anxiety. Also, having a pet has been linked to lower risks of depression and mental decline, making it great for older adults who want to stay mentally and emotionally healthy.

Besides companionship, pets can encourage physical activity. Cats need minimal care outside of feeding, grooming, and playtime, but small to medium-sized dogs can give seniors a reason to take daily walks. Regular exercise is key to keeping mobile, heart-healthy, and well overall.

However, while having a pet has many benefits, picking the right pet is important. Not all breeds or temperaments work well for seniors, and choosing the wrong pet can lead to frustration or even safety issues.

Matching lifestyle with companionship

Before getting a pet, seniors should think about a few things like their physical abilities, living situation, and future plans. How active you are helps decide the right pet. Some animals need more care and exercise than others. An energetic dog might be great for an active senior, but someone with mobility challenges might prefer a calm, easy-to-care-for breed.

Think about size and strength too. Big, strong dogs can accidentally cause falls, especially if you have balance issues. Smaller dogs or calm, well-trained larger dogs are usually safer. Consider grooming needs as well. Long-haired pets need a lot of grooming, which might not be practical for everyone. Pets like short-haired cats or hypoallergenic small dogs require less upkeep.

Look at a pet’s personality and how easily it can be trained. Some pets are more independent and might not be as companionable, while very energetic breeds may be tough to manage.

The benefits of cat adoption for seniors

For seniors who may not have the energy or ability to care for a dog, cats provide an excellent alternative. Cats are independent yet affectionate, require less space, and do not need regular walks. Some of the best cat breeds for seniors include the Ragdoll, which is known for its gentle and affectionate nature and enjoys being around people. The British Shorthair is another excellent choice, as it is calm, low-maintenance, and enjoys companionship without being overly demanding.

Persian cats, while requiring regular grooming, are known for their quiet and loving nature, making them great for seniors who prefer a relaxed home environment. Maine Coons, one of the largest domestic cat breeds, are gentle giants with affectionate personalities, making them great for seniors who want a more interactive and sociable cat. Adopting an adult cat, rather than a kitten, can also be beneficial, as their personalities are already developed, making it easier to find a good match.

Supporting pet adoption and rescue organizations

Organizations like Cat’s Cradle help make sure pets find loving homes. They don’t just focus on adoptions; they also work on reducing the number of stray pets through spay/neuter programs, education, and reaching out to the community. Every year, Cat’s Cradle helps spay or neuter nearly 4,000 cats and aids over 100 families who need help caring for their pets.

PetSmart Charities is a top group that helps rescue organizations find homes for pets. Shelters around the U.S. struggle to care for all the animals, says Heidi Marston, director of pet placement at PetSmart Charities.

Final thoughts

National Adoption Week emphasizes the strong bond between humans and pets. For seniors, adopting a pet means companionship, better well-being, and more joy in their daily lives.

The upcoming adoption event at PetSmart in Waynesboro and Harrisonburg gives seniors and others a chance to find the perfect pet. By adopting or supporting rescue groups, people help build a more caring and pet-friendly community.

For those thinking about adoption, Cat’s Cradle invites potential pet owners to check their website for info on pets and events. These adoption programs do more than place pets in homes—they help create a community where animals and people can thrive together.

Meals on Wheels: Supporting Sandusky County seniors with nutrition and care

Posted on by Michael Pollard

The Great Lakes Community Action Partnership (GLCAP) Meals on Wheels program continues to be a lifeline for homebound seniors in Sandusky County. In 2024 alone, the program served 438 seniors, ensuring they had access to nutritious meals while also benefiting from vital wellness checks.

For many seniors, preparing meals can be a challenge due to mobility issues or health conditions. Meals on Wheels helps bridge this gap by providing balanced, ready-to-eat meals delivered directly to their homes. Hot lunches are available from Monday through Thursday, while a nutritious box lunch is provided on Fridays. More than just a meal service, the program also offers a crucial social connection and safety net, helping seniors remain independent while receiving the support they need.

Key Takeaways

Sandusky County’s Meals on Wheels program delivers essential nourishment and friendly support to seniors who are unable to leave their homes, ensuring their health and independence.

  • In 2024, the program reached 438 seniors, providing them with healthy meals and routine wellness check-ins.
  • Drivers not only deliver meals but also offer a friendly visit and safety check, helping to combat the isolation and health challenges many homebound seniors face.
  • The program is working to expand its meal selections by partnering with meal kit providers and securing additional funding sources.

Ensuring nutrition and safety for seniors

For seniors who are unable to leave their homes or cook for themselves, proper nutrition can become a major concern. The Meals on Wheels program ensures that seniors receive well-balanced meals that meet their dietary needs, helping to prevent malnutrition and related health issues.

The program goes beyond meal delivery by also offering regular safety checks. Drivers play an essential role in monitoring the well-being of seniors, providing social interaction, and ensuring they are safe in their homes.

Robin Richter, Senior Services Director at GLCAP, highlighted that homebound seniors often face limited social interaction. She noted that the program’s drivers not only offer valuable companionship but also play a crucial role in checking on seniors’ well-being, seeking help if someone fails to answer the door or appears to be in distress.

This combination of nutrition and social care makes Meals on Wheels a critical service for many seniors, offering peace of mind to both recipients and their families.

Funding that keeps the program running

The Meals on Wheels program in Sandusky County relies on multiple funding sources to continue its operations. Funding comes from the Sandusky County Senior Levy, the federal Community Services Block Grant, the Older Americans Act, the United Way of Sandusky County, and private donations.

Much of the Meals on Wheels service relies on levy funding, but additional funding sources help sustain the program. This combined support ensures that every senior in need can receive assistance through Meals on Wheels.

With an increasing senior population in Sandusky County, maintaining and expanding financial support is essential. More seniors require meal delivery services each year, and securing funding helps ensure that no one is left without access to the nutrition they need.

Expanding meal options and partnerships

While Meals on Wheels continues to be a dependable resource, additional efforts are being explored to expand meal options for seniors. Some organizations are looking into partnerships with food delivery services and meal kit providers to offer more flexibility and variety.

As the need for accessible meal options continues to rise, seniors have more opportunities to maintain a healthy diet through specialized food delivery services. These services offer nutritious, ready-to-eat meals or pre-portioned ingredients designed to meet specific dietary needs. For those who enjoy cooking but find grocery shopping challenging, meal kits can provide all the necessary ingredients in convenient portions.

GLCAP is also considering ways to introduce convenient meal kit options for seniors to supplement its Meals on Wheels service. Meal kits can be an excellent solution for seniors who prefer freshly prepared food but need assistance with shopping and meal planning. Many companies now offer meal kits designed for older adults, including low-sodium, low-fat, and heart-healthy options.

By forming partnerships with various meal providers, the goal is to expand access to nutritious food while allowing seniors to have more control over their meal choices. These additional options can complement the Meals on Wheels program and help ensure that all seniors receive the nutrition they need.

How the community can help

Community support is essential in keeping Meals on Wheels running. Volunteers play a critical role in meal preparation, delivery, and providing companionship to seniors. By spending just a few hours a week helping out, volunteers can make a significant difference in the lives of homebound seniors.

Donations are also crucial in ensuring that the program continues to serve all seniors in need. Contributions help cover the costs of food, transportation, and program operations. As demand increases, additional funding will be needed to maintain and expand services.

For seniors looking for alternative meal solutions, maintain a healthy diet with meal kits for seniors is becoming a growing trend. These kits provide pre-measured ingredients that make it easier for seniors to prepare meals without the hassle of grocery shopping. Offering a mix of home-delivered meals and meal kits could give seniors more control over their diets while still ensuring they receive balanced nutrition.

Supporting seniors with nutritious meals

Meals on Wheels continues to support Sandusky County seniors by providing nutritious meals, regular check-ins, and social interaction. Serving 438 seniors in 2024 underscores its impact. GLCAP aims to expand meal options and strengthen community support. Collaborating with meal providers and accessible meal options for seniors can provide greater flexibility.

With continued support, the program will remain a reliable resource for seniors. By introducing practical meal kit options, Sandusky County supports its aging population in maintaining a nutritious diet tailored to their needs.

Understanding inheritance and estate taxes in Idaho: A guide to effective estate planning

Posted on by Brian Milton

Planning for the future involves understanding how inheritance and estate taxes may impact the transfer of wealth. Many Idaho residents wonder whether they need to worry about paying taxes on inherited assets.

Fortunately, Idaho does not impose inheritance or estate taxes, making it one of the more tax-friendly states for estate planning. However, federal estate tax rules and income tax implications for specific assets still require careful planning to ensure beneficiaries receive their inheritance with minimal tax burdens.

Key Takeaways

Idaho does not impose inheritance or estate taxes, but federal estate tax and income tax on certain inherited assets still require careful planning.

  • Idaho residents do not have to pay state-level inheritance or estate taxes.
  • Federal estate tax applies to estates exceeding $13.99 million for individuals and $27.98 million for married couples in 2025.
  • Inherited assets like traditional IRAs and 401(k)s can have income tax implications, while real estate benefits from a stepped-up basis.

Tax considerations for inherited assets in Idaho

Idaho residents benefit from a favorable tax environment when it comes to inheritance and estate planning. Unlike some states that impose an inheritance tax, Idaho does not require beneficiaries to pay taxes when inheriting assets.

This means that individuals inheriting money, real estate, or other assets from someone who lived in Idaho do not face state-level tax burdens. In contrast, states like Pennsylvania, Maryland, Nebraska, Kentucky, and New Jersey impose inheritance taxes, which vary based on the beneficiary’s relationship to the deceased.

Although Idaho does not impose an inheritance tax, estate taxes at the federal level may apply if the deceased’s estate exceeds the federal exemption threshold. For 2025, the federal estate tax exemption is set at $13.99 million per individual. Estates exceeding this amount are subject to federal estate tax before distributing assets to heirs.

For married American couples using portability elections, the exemption doubles to $27.98 million. However, without Congressional action, this exemption will decrease to $7 million in 2026, making estate planning crucial for high-net-worth individuals.

One of the most important aspects of estate planning is understanding how different assets are taxed. While Idaho does not tax inheritances, certain types of inherited assets can have income tax implications.

For instance, traditional IRAs and 401(k)s require beneficiaries to pay income taxes on distributions. Under the SECURE Act of 2019, most non-spouse beneficiaries must withdraw all funds within 10 years, potentially increasing their taxable income.

Real estate and other appreciated assets benefit from a ‘stepped-up basis,’ meaning their tax basis is reset to the fair market value at the owner’s death. This reduces capital gains tax liability when the beneficiary sells the asset. Life insurance payouts, on the other hand, remain income tax-free, making them a strategic estate planning tool.

Estate planning strategies to minimize taxes

Although Idaho has no inheritance or estate tax, estate planning is still crucial to reducing federal tax burdens and income tax on inherited assets.

Gifting assets to heirs during one’s lifetime can reduce the size of a taxable estate. The annual gift tax exclusion allows individuals to give up to a certain amount per recipient without triggering a gift tax. This strategy can be particularly useful for those with estates approaching the federal exemption limit.

Establishing trusts can provide tax advantages and greater control over asset distribution. Irrevocable trusts, for example, remove assets from an estate, potentially reducing estate tax liability. Special types of trusts, such as charitable remainder trusts, can also provide income benefits while supporting philanthropic goals.

Ensuring that retirement accounts, life insurance policies, and other financial assets have correctly designated beneficiaries helps streamline asset transfers while avoiding unnecessary taxes.

Periodic reviews of beneficiary designations prevent complications in estate distribution. Donating assets to qualified charitable organizations can reduce taxable income and lower estate tax exposure. Charitable remainder trusts and donor-advised funds allow individuals to support their favorite causes while receiving tax benefits.

A key estate planning strategy is holding investments to minimize tax exposure. Keeping low-basis assets until death allows beneficiaries to take advantage of the stepped-up basis, which eliminates capital gains tax on appreciation during the original owner’s lifetime.

Protecting inheritance

Life insurance provides tax-free proceeds to beneficiaries, ensuring they have immediate access to funds without needing to liquidate other inherited assets. This can be especially valuable in covering any outstanding debts, funeral expenses, or other estate-related costs.

While Idaho’s lack of an inheritance tax simplifies estate planning for many families, those with larger estates should consider federal tax implications and income tax consequences for beneficiaries.

Consulting an estate planning attorney and tax professional ensures that assets transfer efficiently and that tax obligations are minimized. With proper planning, individuals can protect their wealth and provide financial security for future generations.

Conclusion

Estate planning in Idaho isn’t just about avoiding taxes—it’s about structuring asset transfers efficiently to prevent financial complications for heirs. Even without state inheritance taxes, factors like liquidity, asset management, and long-term financial security play a crucial role in ensuring beneficiaries can access and utilize their inheritance without unnecessary burdens.

Thoughtful planning can also help mitigate potential legal disputes and delays in asset distribution.

How seniors can get involved in volunteering during Community Champions Week

Posted on by Sharon Wallace

Community Champions Week, led each year by Meals on Wheels America, celebrates the anniversary of the Older Americans Act Nutrition Program. It highlights how important volunteers are in helping seniors. As more seniors need meal services, this event aims to get the community, especially older adults, involved in volunteering.

Meals on Wheels America helps over 5,000 local programs all over the country, providing vital services to more than two million seniors each year. But, with costs rising and funds limited, many providers can’t keep up with the demand, leaving long waiting lists. During this year’s Community Champions Week, Meals on Wheels hopes to attract more volunteers to help fix these challenges, ensuring older adults get the meals and support they need.

Senior volunteers are essential for keeping the Meals on Wheels network going. Many programs ask them to help by delivering meals, offering companionship, or doing office work. Volunteering not only helps those who get the services but also gives older volunteers a sense of purpose and keeps them socially active in their communities.

Key Takeaways

Community Champions Week encourages seniors to volunteer in various roles to support meal services and build community ties.

  • Senior volunteers are crucial for the success of Meals on Wheels programs, helping with meal deliveries and providing companionship.
  • Volunteering offers numerous benefits to seniors, including reduced depression, cognitive decline, and increased social interaction.
  • There are various volunteer opportunities available for seniors, including virtual volunteering, mentoring, and working with nonprofits.

How volunteering benefits seniors and communities

The importance of senior volunteers goes beyond just meal deliveries. Many older adults involved in Meals on Wheels programs build strong friendships with the seniors they help, reducing feelings of loneliness for both. Volunteers often become a crucial support for homebound seniors, offering social interaction that is as important as the meals. This personal connection can boost emotional well-being and mental health, highlighting the essential role volunteers play in boosting community ties.

Research from the shows that volunteering can reduce depression and slow cognitive decline in older adults. Seniors who volunteer often feel happier, healthier, and more purposeful. It’s also noted that older adults who volunteered at least 100 hours yearly felt more positive and less stressed.

Beyond personal benefits, volunteering helps build stronger communities. Senior volunteers bring years of experience that they can share with younger generations. Programs that connect different ages have been successful in creating friendships and sharing knowledge. Programs like AmeriCorps Seniors, including the Foster Grandparent Program and the Senior Companion Program, offer structured ways for seniors to volunteer their time and skills.

Expanding volunteer opportunities for older adults

While meal delivery programs like Meals on Wheels are well-known volunteer options for seniors, there are many other programs that encourage staying involved in the community. Some seniors choose to mentor or tutor children, while others help nonprofit organizations with tasks like office work, fundraising, or reaching out to the community.

Technology has opened up even more opportunities for seniors to volunteer. Virtual volunteering is becoming popular, allowing older adults to help out from home. Examples include tutoring students online, counseling through hotlines, and helping nonprofits with office support. These options are perfect for seniors who might have trouble getting around but still want to make a difference.

Other organizations looking for senior volunteers include:

AARP Foundation: Offers programs that assist seniors with food, housing, and financial security.

Habitat for Humanity: Lets seniors help build homes or work at Habitat ReStores.

National Park Service Volunteers-in-Parks (VIP) Program: Allows seniors to work as park guides, give educational talks, or help preserve our parks.

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America: Pairs senior mentors with young people who need guidance.

Local community centers, faith-based groups, and libraries are great places to find volunteer opportunities that suit your interests and schedule.

The growing need for senior nutrition services

As the number of seniors grows, it’s crucial to build strong support systems, including nutrition services and volunteer opportunities. Meals on Wheels America is pushing for more federal funding to keep their services going and growing. They’re asking community members to reach out to lawmakers and advocate for more funding for senior nutrition programs.

One major challenge for Meals on Wheels is that federal funding hasn’t kept up with rising costs for food, fuel, and running programs. Many local branches rely on donations and volunteers to meet the need. That’s why advocating for change is a big part of Community Champions Week. They want leaders to see why more funding for senior nutrition is vital.

To make senior support stronger, community groups and businesses can help by offering perks for volunteering. Some places even let employees volunteer during paid work hours. Senior-friendly businesses can also sponsor local programs or host events that encourage seniors to volunteer.

How to get involved during Community Champions Week

Community Champions Week is a great opportunity to highlight the need for senior nutrition and inspire more people, including seniors, to volunteer. If you’re a senior wanting to get involved, start by reaching out to local nonprofits or checking online resources for volunteer roles that match your skills and interests. Here’s how seniors can start volunteering:

Know What You Like: Whether it’s mentoring, delivering meals, or helping with office tasks, choose something you enjoy for a more rewarding experience.

Check Out Volunteer Programs: Visit volunteermatch.org or seniorcorps.gov for a variety of opportunities near you.

Contact Local Groups: Charities, libraries, and churches often need senior volunteers and can help you find a suitable role.

Think About Online Volunteering: If getting around is hard, consider virtual volunteering, which can still make a big difference.

Bring Along Friends or Family: Volunteering is a fun way to bond while helping your community.

The best age to claim Social Security: Maximizing your retirement benefits

Posted on by James Franklin

Deciding when to start collecting Social Security is a critical financial decision that can impact lifetime earnings. While Social Security benefits are available as early as age 62, delaying them until full retirement age (FRA) or even 70 can significantly increase monthly payouts. Understanding how benefits are calculated and the advantages and disadvantages of different claiming ages can help retirees make an informed choice.

Key Takeaways

The article discusses the ideal age to start receiving Social Security benefits, highlighting the effects of claiming benefits early, waiting until full retirement age, or delaying until age 70.

  • Starting Social Security at age 62 gives you immediate income but results in a permanent 25% to 30% reduction in your monthly benefits.
  • Waiting until full retirement age guarantees full benefits and maximizes spousal and survivor benefits, though it requires solid financial planning.
  • Pushing your benefits to age 70 increases your monthly payment by 8% for each year of delay, providing the highest benefit amount, but postpones your income.

How Social Security benefits are calculated

The Social Security Administration (SSA) determines benefits based on several key factors, including earnings history, work history, and claiming age. The formula is designed to provide a progressive benefit structure, ensuring lower-income earners receive a higher percentage of their pre-retirement income than higher-income earners.

Earnings and work history: Social Security benefits are calculated using the 35 highest-earning years of a worker’s career. If someone has fewer than 35 years of earnings, the SSA averages in zeros, which reduces the benefit amount. Higher lifetime earnings result in higher monthly benefits, making it essential for workers to maximize their earning potential before retiring.

Full retirement age and delayed credits: Full retirement age (FRA) depends on a person’s birth year. For those born in 1960 or later, FRA is 67. Claiming benefits before FRA results in a permanent reduction, while delaying benefits beyond FRA—up to age 70—adds delayed retirement credits, increasing the monthly benefit by 8% per year.

Spousal and survivor benefits: Spouses may receive up to 50% of their partner’s FRA benefit if they claim at FRA. Survivor benefits, which provide financial support for widows and widowers, also increase if the deceased spouse delayed claiming benefits. This makes delaying benefits an attractive option for those considering financial security for their spouse.

Choosing the right claiming age

The decision on when to claim Social Security depends on multiple factors, including financial stability, life expectancy, and employment status. Each option—claiming early at 62, waiting until FRA, or delaying until 70—has advantages and disadvantages.

1. Claiming at age 62 – Early access, lower benefits: Many retirees claim Social Security at 62, but this results in a permanent 25% to 30% reduction in benefits, impacting long-term financial security. Despite the lower payments, early benefits provide immediate income, help those with health concerns, and may protect against future Social Security cuts.

However, early claims mean reduced monthly payments for life, potential earnings limits for those still working, and lower spousal and survivor benefits.

2. Claiming at full retirement age – Balanced approach: Waiting until full retirement age (FRA) ensures full Social Security benefits without reductions. Retirees can keep working without penalties, providing extra income. It also secures the highest spousal and survivor benefits. However, delaying requires financial stability, as retirees must wait longer for payments. Those needing immediate income may struggle, and individuals with shorter lifespans may receive fewer total benefits.

3. Claiming at age 70 – Maximum monthly benefits: Delaying Social Security benefits beyond full retirement age (FRA) results in an 8% increase per year, leading to a total benefit that is 24% to 32% higher by age 70. This strategy provides the highest possible monthly payment, which can improve long-term financial security.

Additionally, there are no earnings limits for those who continue working, ensuring that income is not reduced due to employment. Another advantage is the increase in survivor benefits, which can provide greater financial support for a spouse. However, it delays income, which may not suit those needing funds earlier. Uncertain life expectancy also means some may collect less overall.

Key considerations before making a decision

Since Social Security benefits are a lifelong source of income, retirees should carefully evaluate their options before deciding when to claim. The right age depends on personal financial needs, health, and long-term retirement goals.

Impact of longevity on total benefits

One of the most important factors in the claiming decision is life expectancy. Someone who expects to live well into their 80s or beyond may benefit from delaying Social Security, as the increased monthly payments will outweigh the lost income from early retirement. Conversely, those with serious health concerns or a family history of shorter lifespans may find claiming earlier more practical.

Medicare enrollment and health coverage

Even if delaying Social Security benefits, retirees should apply for Medicare at age 65. Failing to enroll on time can result in higher costs for Medicare Part B (medical insurance) and Part D (prescription drug coverage). Those who delay Medicare beyond 65 while still covered by employer-sponsored insurance should verify their eligibility to avoid penalties.

Other retirement income sources

For those with pensions, retirement savings, or passive income, delaying Social Security can be a strategic move to maximize future benefits. However, those without additional income may need to claim earlier to cover essential expenses.

While delaying Social Security often results in higher monthly payments, it is not always the best choice for every retiree. Financial needs, employment status, health, and expected lifespan all play a role in determining the ideal claiming age. A well-thought-out strategy that considers both short-term income needs and long-term financial security can help retirees make the most of their Social Security benefits.

Stem cell therapy for advanced dry AMD: A promising clinical trial

Posted on by Michael Pollard

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss, affecting millions worldwide. The disease, which primarily impacts older adults, progresses in two forms: dry AMD, which gradually damages the macula, and wet AMD, a more severe condition involving abnormal blood vessel growth. Recent advances in research and treatment are offering new hope for patients, with developments in nutritional support, gene therapy, stem cell research, and long-acting drug delivery systems reshaping AMD management.

Key Takeaways

A clinical trial is investigating stem cell therapy for advanced dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), offering new hope for patients who currently have no FDA-approved treatment options.

  • Researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) are conducting a Phase I/IIa trial to assess the safety and feasibility of transplanting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from a patient’s own induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • The trial involves implanting an iPSC-derived RPE patch beneath the retina to help slow the progression of vision loss associated with geographic atrophy.
  • Eligible participants must be 55 years or older, have AMD-related geographic atrophy in at least one eye, and meet specific visual acuity criteria.

Stem cell transplantation for GA

Geographic atrophy, the advanced stage of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leads to progressive vision loss with no FDA-approved treatment currently available. Researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) are now exploring stem cell therapy as a potential solution. This clinical trial aims to determine whether transplanting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells derived from a patient’s own stem cells can help slow disease progression.

A groundbreaking Phase I/IIa clinical trial

This pioneering trial aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of transplanting RPE cells generated from a patient’s own induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The process involves taking adult cells, such as blood cells, and reprogramming them into stem cells. These stem cells are then developed into RPE cells, which are critical for maintaining photoreceptors, the retina’s light-sensing cells.

In the trial, an iPSC-derived RPE patch measuring approximately 2×4 mm is implanted under the retina of the worse-seeing eye. The patch is grown on a biodegradable scaffold, allowing it to integrate with existing retinal structures. Researchers aim to determine whether this approach can help slow the progression of vision loss associated with geographic atrophy.

The study will initially enroll five participants, each with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between 20/100 and 20/500 in the affected eye. If no major safety concerns arise, the trial will expand to include up to seven additional participants with a BCVA between 20/80 and 20/500. Patients will be closely monitored over five years to evaluate both safety and potential benefits.

Addressing the challenges of dry AMD treatment

Unlike wet AMD, which involves abnormal blood vessel growth, dry AMD leads to the gradual degeneration of RPE and photoreceptor cells. The loss of these cells results in the formation of geographic atrophy, creating blind spots in central vision.

Traditional efforts to treat dry AMD have faced significant hurdles. RPE transplants must integrate successfully under the retina without triggering an immune response. Additionally, ensuring the long-term survival and functionality of transplanted cells has proven difficult. By using a patient’s own stem cells, this trial seeks to minimize rejection risks and explore the potential for personalized medicine in retinal disease treatment.

Clinical trial participation

Eligibility requirements for participants: The trial is recruiting up to 12 participants aged 55+ with AMD-related geographic atrophy in at least one eye.

Eligible participants must have a BCVA of 20/100 to 20/500 (first cohort) or 20/80 to 20/500 (second cohort) in the affected eye. They cannot have wet AMD, prior treatment, glaucoma, or high intraocular pressure. Good overall health is required for surgery. RPE transplantation will be performed only in the worse-seeing eye. While those with severe vision loss may not see improvement, the study aims to slow disease progression and preserve vision.

Screening and evaluation process: Before enrollment, potential participants must undergo a comprehensive screening process at the NEI Eye Clinic. This evaluation includes a full eye exam, including visual acuity testing, retinal imaging, and fluorescein angiography, a medical assessment, including blood tests, urinalysis, a chest X-ray, an EKG, and other necessary evaluations, and a review of prior medical history and any other eye-related conditions.

Those who pass the screening will be scheduled for surgery, with the RPE patch taking approximately six months to manufacture.

Breakthroughs in Dry AMD treatment

Until recently, there were no FDA-approved treatments for geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced stage of dry AMD. However, recent approvals and ongoing trials are changing the landscape of GA treatment.

FDA-approved therapies for Geographic Atrophy

Syfovre (Apellis Pharmaceuticals): The first FDA-approved treatment for GA, Syfovre works by targeting the C3 complement pathway, a part of the immune system that contributes to retinal cell degeneration. Clinical trials demonstrated that Syfovre slows lesion growth and could help preserve vision for longer.

Izervay (Astellas/Iveric Bio): Another FDA-approved GA therapy, Izervay blocks the C5 complement pathway, reducing lesion expansion and slowing disease progression.

Stem cell therapy and retinal repair

Stem cell research has shown promising early results in restoring vision for AMD patients by replacing damaged retinal cells.

The London Project at Moorfields Eye Hospital successfully transplanted retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from embryonic stem cells into AMD patients. Some individuals saw vision improvements lasting over a year.

Regenerative Patch Technologies has developed a stem-cell-derived RPE patch, which showed vision stabilization and improvement in early trials.

Luxa Biotechnology recently began testing RPE stem cell transplantation in a legally blind patient with dry AMD. The therapy involves implanting 50,000 RPE stem cells under the macula to support retinal regeneration.

As scientists continue to uncover the mechanisms behind AMD, emerging treatments could dramatically improve the outlook for patients. Gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and extended-release drug delivery systems represent the future of AMD care, offering potential long-term solutions with fewer invasive procedures. With ongoing clinical trials and regulatory approvals, patients now have more options than ever to slow vision loss and maintain independence.

The future of aging: smart homes and assistive tech

Posted on by Andrew Mitchell

Assistive technology plays a crucial role in helping older adults maintain independence, improve daily living, and stay connected. From voice-activated smart devices to advanced mobility aids, these innovations enhance accessibility and quality of life.

At the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference, LG Electronics presented a range of innovations aimed at improving accessibility for people with disabilities and older adults.

As the first major home appliance brand to take part in the event, its presence underscores the industry’s increasing emphasis on inclusivity. Hosted by CSUN’s Center on Disabilities, the conference is one of the largest gatherings dedicated to advancing assistive technology.

Justin Hong, ESG Strategy Head at LG Electronics, highlighted the company’s commitment to accessibility through its ESG vision, Better Life for All.

By participating in the conference, the company reinforced its dedication to incorporating assistive technologies into everyday products, promoting independent living, and addressing the needs of both older adults and individuals with disabilities.

Key Takeaways

Assistive technology and smart home innovations are boosting independence and improving the quality of life for seniors.

  • LG Electronics demonstrated height-adjustable kiosks along with the LG Comfort Kit to enhance accessibility.
  • Voice-activated smart home management and AI-powered features are increasingly being integrated into everyday products.
  • Robotic caregivers are emerging as a solution to meet the rising demand for elder care, although ethical concerns still persist.

Innovative solutions for enhanced accessibility

One of the standout creations presented was a height-adjustable commercial kiosk with tactile keypads, allowing wheelchair users to modify the display height and enhancing usability for individuals with visual impairments.

The electronics giant also introduced the LG Comfort Kit for the U.S. market, featuring attachable accessories like easy-grip handles for detergent drawers and washing machine dials to improve ease of use.

Developed with input from individuals with mobility and visual impairments, children, and older adults, the Comfort Kit underscored the importance of user feedback— a key topic in LG’s workshop sessions. These discussions also explored AI-driven smart homes and universal design, with experts sharing insights on improving accessibility.

Another major highlight was the ThinQ ON platform for voice-controlled smart home management.

The company’s OLED TVs also introduced enhanced expanded functionality features, including Voice Menu Reading and Simultaneous Listening with Hearing Aids and Speakers, reflecting a broader industry shift toward integrating assistive technology into everyday products.

Improving access through education and collaboration

LG’s commitment to accessibility is reflected in its ongoing development of innovative solutions for senior care and disability support. By collaborating with experts and consumers, the company refines its products to promote independence and comfort.

This dedication is especially evident in smart home technology, where voice-activated assistants and adjustable appliances enable individuals to live more comfortably and stay in their homes longer.

Beyond product innovation, the global appliance leader promotes accessibility through educational initiatives and workshops on assistive technology.

Discussions at the CSUN conference highlighted ongoing challenges and new opportunities, reinforcing its role in driving inclusivity within the home appliance industry.

As technology advances, senior care and support are becoming more user-friendly. LG’s leadership in this space demonstrates the transformative impact of progress, shaping a future where accessibility and convenience are seamlessly integrated into everyday life.

Smart homes for senior living

The advancements showcased at events like the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference highlight how major companies are integrating accessibility into their products, making everyday tasks more intuitive and inclusive.

This push for greater accessibility is also driving advancements in smart home automation, where connected systems simplify daily routines and enhance independent living.

Smart home automation uses IoT to streamline daily tasks, allowing users to control lighting, security, and climate remotely or automatically.

For older adults, connected home technology enhances safety and independence with motion sensors, voice control, and emergency alerts that adapt to changing needs and reduce risks.

Smart solutions for safer living

Thoughtfully designed solutions can enhance safety, improve convenience, and promote greater independence at home. Here are some examples.

• Automated lighting and motion sensors: Lights activate with movement, reducing fall risks and supporting routines for cognitive impairments.

• Adaptive smart thermostats: Adjusts temperature automatically for comfort and energy efficiency.

• Voice-activated smart plugs and appliances: Enables hands-free control of household devices, minimizing strain and safety risks.

• Smart bed and sleep tracking systems: Monitors sleep and adjusts positioning for better rest and pressure relief.

• Customizable home automation platforms: Integrates lighting, security, and climate control with hands-free and emergency features.

• AI-enhanced personal assistants: Provides reminders, wellness check-ins, and personalized support for daily routines.

Robots for elder care

The growing gap between the demand for elder care and the availability of caregivers has made robotics a vital solution.

Advances in technology have led to the development of robotic caregivers designed to assist and support older individuals.

Benefits and challenges

Care robots help ease the burden on human caregivers by handling routine tasks, allowing more focus on complex care needs. They enhance home safety by monitoring the environment and reducing risks, supporting independent living.

While they cannot replace human companionship, they provide interaction and stimulation for older adults who may feel isolated. With 24/7 availability, these robots ensure continuous support without overburdening caregivers.

However, the adoption of robotics in elder care raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding safety and the need for human connection. While robots can provide valuable assistance, they should not replace the meaningful interactions older adults rely on.

Maintaining a balance between technological support and human caregiving is essential to ensure both well-being and strong personal relationships.

As assistive technology advances, it plays an increasingly vital role in supporting independence for older adults. Thoughtful advancements and collaboration will help create a future where technology adapts to diverse needs, making daily life safer and more accessible.

Montana State University grad student helps seniors guard against scams

Posted on by Brian Milton

Montana State University graduate student Connor Green turned a personal encounter with an AI scam into a mission to help seniors avoid fraud.

Last summer, Green’s grandfather received a call from a scammer using AI to mimic Green’s voice, urgently requesting $15,000. Recognizing the deception tactic, Green quickly ended the call—an experience that later inspired his academic research.

As part of a fraud examination course, Green and his team created an informative presentation to raise awareness and prevent scams. Initially delivered at the Bozeman Senior Center, the presentation was later shared with the MSU Alumni Foundation Retiree Association.

Led by Professor Angela Woodland, the class project focused on educating those most vulnerable to these schemes.

Key Takeaways

Montana State University graduate student Connor Green, motivated by a scam that targeted his grandfather, is leading a project to educate seniors on common scams and how to prevent fraud.

  • Connor Green and his team developed a presentation to raise awareness about scams that target seniors, outlining various deceptive tactics.
  • The presentation featured actual scam cases and stressed the importance of verification phrases to prevent impersonation scams within families.
  • The project underscores the effectiveness of community involvement and education in safeguarding seniors against financial fraud.

Discussion of common scams targeting seniors

The students, including Dylan Nelson, Nicholas Caiazzo, and Ethan Egan, covered various types of deceptive practices in their presentation.

Ethan Egan explained that tech support scams often begin with notifications about a refund for a purchase that was never made or warnings about a computer virus. These messages typically appear as online pop-ups and should never be clicked.

Egan advised that requests for remote access to a computer or bank account under the guise of resolving an issue are likely scams.

In his talk, Dylan Nelson shed light on government impersonation scams, deceptive tactics where scammers falsely pose as legitimate representatives of government agencies, including the Internal Revenue Service.

It’s important to note that legitimate government agencies typically reach out to individuals via official mail or face-to-face meetings and would never start a conversation by calling or texting someone.

Often, scammers will try to create a sense of urgency, pushing their targets to act quickly and demanding payment through non-refundable means like gift cards, which can be particularly harmful as they are difficult to trace and recover.

Caiazzo focused on phishing scams, which are commonly carried out through emails or text messages that are sent out in bulk and include links that are meant to deceive recipients into clicking on them.

Such messages are designed to appear authentic but often contain grammatical errors or other inconsistencies that can help identify them as fraudulent attempts.

Engaging with these links can lead to malware being downloaded onto your device, making it imperative to reach out to the company independently to verify the authenticity of the communication.

Green tackled family imitation scams and he emphasized the importance of establishing verification phrases with family members to avoid family imitation scams. The phrase should be unique and not easily guessable, such as a birthday or hometown.

The students also highlighted the growing complexity of scams, stressing that their advice is relevant to all individuals, not just the senior demographic.

Real scam examples shared with attendees

The Bozeman Senior Center presentation was scheduled for 15 minutes but extended to two hours due to the seniors’ enthusiastic engagement and questions.

During the MSU Alumni Foundation gathering, roughly 70 attendees, combining in-person and virtual, were shown printouts and screenshots of real scam attempts by the students.

The seniors who attended the presentations by Green and his team were not only grateful for the valuable information provided but also opened up about their own encounters with scammers, illustrating the widespread impact of such fraudulent activities on the senior community.

A senior participant in the presentation shared a harrowing account of falling victim to scammers and losing a substantial sum of money, thereby emphasizing the crucial role of these educational programs in protecting individuals from financial fraud.

Fraud prevention tips for seniors

To safeguard against impersonation scams, it is essential to create unique verification phrases with family members, allowing identities to be confirmed when someone requests help.

Avoid online pop-ups that claim to offer refunds or warn of computer viruses, as scammers frequently use these tactics to deceive and trick individuals into falling for their schemes.

Be cautious of unsolicited calls or texts from government agencies, and never provide immediate payment to an unknown source.

It is crucial to independently verify any email or text message from an unknown sender by contacting the company directly using a verified phone number or website rather than replying to the message or clicking on any links provided.

Conclusion

By exploiting feelings of urgency and fear, scammers pressure their targets into making quick and potentially harmful decisions, which can be detrimental to the victims and their financial security.

Scams can be especially damaging to people with limited financial means or fixed incomes, often leading to substantial financial losses that can have long-lasting negative impacts on their lives and overall well-being.

By staying aware and vigilant, seniors can effectively protect themselves from the increasingly complex and ever-evolving tactics used by fraudsters.

The project led by Green highlights the significant impact of community engagement and education in the fight against financial fraud, emphasizing the necessity of such initiatives in safeguarding at-risk individuals from sophisticated deception strategies.